Thursday, April 30, 2015

Synthesizing Natural Gas and Methane to High Octane Gasoline

When big international corporations are involved in anything and are involved in co-opting governments, all the we the peoples of the world are screwed. This post expanded [here].

There are some interesting technologies that a garage or backyard tinkerer could go a long way with ...

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Putting the below Wikipedia entry [found here] below before it possibly disappears. 


Syngas to gasoline plus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Syngas to gasoline plus (STG+) is a thermochemical process to convert natural gas, other gaseous hydrocarbons or gasified biomass into drop-in fuels, such as gasoline, diesel fuel or jet fuel, and organic solvents.

Process chemistry


The STG+ Process
This process follows four principal steps in one continuous integrated loop, comprising four fixed bed reactors in a series in which a syngas is converted to synthetic fuels. The steps for producing high-octane synthetic gasoline are as follows:[1]
  • Methanol Synthesis: Syngas is fed to Reactor 1, the first of four reactors, which converts most of the syngas to methanol when passing through the catalyst bed.
    CO + 2 H2 → CH3OH (methanol)
  • Dimethyl Ether (DME) Synthesis: The methanol-rich gas from Reactor 1 is next fed to Reactor 2, the second STG+ reactor. The methanol is exposed to a catalyst and much of it is converted to DME, which involves a dehydration from methanol to form DME.
    2 CH3OH → CH3OCH3 + H2O
  • Gasoline synthesis: The Reactor 2 product gas is next fed to Reactor 3, the third reactor containing the catalyst for conversion of DME to hydrocarbons including paraffins (alkanes), aromatics, naphthenes (cycloalkanes) and small amounts of olefins (alkenes), typically with the carbon number ranging from 6 to 10.
  • Gasoline Treatment: The fourth reactor provides transalkylation and hydrogenation treatment to the products coming from Reactor 3. The treatment reduces durene/isodurene (tetramethylbenzenes) and trimethylbenzene components that have high freezing points and must be minimized in gasoline. As a result, the synthetic gasoline product has high octane and desirable viscometric properties.
  • Separator: Finally, the mixture from Reactor 4 is condensed to obtain gasoline. The non-condensed gas and gasoline are separated in a conventional condenser/separator. Most of the non-condensed gas from the product separator becomes recycled gas and is sent back to the feed stream to Reactor 1, leaving the synthetic gasoline product composed of paraffins, aromatics and naphthenes.

Catalysts

The STG+ process uses standard catalysts similar to those used in other gas to liquids technologies, specifically in methanol to gasoline processes. Methanol to gasoline processes favor molecular size- and shape-selective zeolite catalysts,[2] and the STG+ process also utilizes commercially available shape-selective catalysts, such as ZSM-5.[3]

Process efficiency

The STG+ process converts approximately one MMBtu of natural gas into more than five gallons of 90+-octane gasoline, which is one of the highest process efficiencies in the industry.[4]

Gasification

As is the case with other gas to liquids processes, STG+ utilizes syngas produced via other technologies as a feedstock. This syngas can be produced through several commercially available technologies and from a wide variety of feedstocks, including natural gas, biomass and municipal solid waste.
Natural gas and other methane-rich gases, including those produced from municipal waste, are converted into syngas through methane reforming technologies such as steam methane reforming and auto-thermal reforming.
Biomass gasification technologies are less established, though several systems being developed utilize fixed bed or fluidized bed reactors.[5]

Comparison to other GTL technologies

Other technologies for syngas to liquid fuels synthesis include the Fischer-Tropsch process and the methanol to gasoline processes.
Research conducted at Princeton University indicates that methanol to gasoline processes are consistently more cost-effective, both in capital cost and overall cost, than the Fischer-Tropsch process at small, medium and large scales.[6] Preliminary studies suggest that the STG+ process is more energetically efficient and the highest yielding methanol to gasoline process.[7]

Fischer-Tropsch

The primary difference between the Fischer-Tropsch process and methanol to gasoline processes such as STG+ are the catalysts used, product types and economics.
Generally, the Fischer-Tropsch process favors unselective cobalt and iron catalysts, while methanol to gasoline technologies favor molecular size- and shape-selective zeolites.[8] In terms of product types, Fischer-Tropsch production has been limited to linear paraffins,[8] such as synthetic crude oil, whereas methanol to gasoline processes can produce aromatics, such as xylene and toluene, and naphthenes and iso-paraffins, such as drop-in gasoline and jet fuel.
The main product of the Fischer-Tropsch processs, synthetic crude oil, requires additional refining to produce fuel products such as diesel fuel or gasoline. This refining typically adds additional costs, causing some industry leaders to label the economics of commercial-scale Fischer-Tropsch processes as challenging.[9]

Methanol to gasoline

The STG+ technology offers several differentiators that distinguish it from other methanol to gasoline processes. These differences include product flexibility, durene reduction, environmental footprint and capital cost.
Traditional methanol to gasoline technologies produce diesel, gasoline or liquefied petroleum gas.[10] STG+ produces gasoline, diesel, jet fuel and aromatics, depending on the catalysts used. The STG+ technology also incorporates durene reduction into its core process, meaning that the entire fuel production process requires only two steps: syngas production and gas to liquids synthesis.[1] Other methanol to gasoline processes do not incorporate durene reduction into the core process, and they require the implementation of an additional refining step.[10]
Due to the additional number of reactors, traditional methanol to gasoline processes include inefficiencies such as the additional cost and energy loss of condensing and evaporating the methanol prior to feeding it to the durene reduction unit.[11] These inefficiencies can lead to a greater capital cost and environmental footprint than methanol to gasoline processes that use fewer reactors, such as STG+. The STG+ process eliminates multiple condensation and evaporation, and the process converts syngas to liquid transportation fuels directly without producing intermediate liquids.[7] This eliminates the need for storage of two products, including pressure storage for liquefied petroleum gas and storage of liquid methanol.
Simplifying a gas to liquids process by combining multiple steps into fewer reactors leads to increased yield and efficiency, enabling less expensive facilities that are more easily scaled.[12]

Commercialization

The STG+ technology is currently operating at pre-commercial scale in Hillsborough, New Jersey at a plant owned by alternative fuels company Primus Green Energy. The plant produces approximately 100,000 gallons of high-quality, drop-in gasoline per year directly from natural gas.[13] Further, the company announced the findings of an independent engineer’s report prepared by E3 Consulting, which found that STG+ system and catalyst performance exceeded expectations during plant operation. The pre-commercial demonstration plant has also achieved 720 hours of continuous operation.[14]
Primus Green Energy has announced plans to break ground on its first commercial STG+ plant in the second half of 2014, and the company has announced that this plant is expected to produce approximately 27.8 million gallons of fuel annually.[15]
In early 2014, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) allowed Primus Green Energy’s patent covering its single-loop STG+ technology.[16]

See also

Saturday, April 25, 2015

A Perfect Circle - The Thirteenth Step (Full Album)

Sunday, April 12, 2015

ANONYMOUS: URGENT UPDATE Jade Helm

Do you think there is anything to the video below?

Text with video:

Published on Apr 8, 2015
Second Update regarding Jade Helm thanks to Dahboo777, and we thank Dahboo777 for keeping us up to date on Jade Helm.

Note: The part on Russia is my theory, it does not mean it will most certainly happen.

Dahboo777's channel is https://www.youtube.com/user/Dahboo777







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[Steven G. Erickson's video uploads and favorites]

[click here] for:

The Crisis of Insiders running US Courts

Scroll down in post for video. Click on top banner of almost any blog to go to newest posts.

Do we the people get representation for our taxation?




[more on the Stark Raving Viking blog]

Friday, April 03, 2015

WTTC all minorites (actually the majority) to the (assumed) WBC (White Boy Club)



White Boy lawn jockey photo [stolen from here, a lawn jockey history blog].

It is truly us against them. We have to know who "them" is.
To our brave and honorable US Troops, who joined for the right reasons, but have been wronged, "You can't give your life for your country, if your country really doesn't exist."
"America, the country that F's over Americans and Bombs the Rest," - Steven G. Erickson
The Clergy in America are supposed to turn in their flock if they are being potential leaders, religious, have an independent mind, are self-sufficient, and are considered a terrorist in corporate/banker/billionaire run America. Christian priests and leaders are getting tax dollars to be informants. Religion is considered mental illness by the elitist occupation of the US and most of the world. Muslims extremists are funded with US taxpayer dollars for banker purposes. There is nothing wrong with that religion as practiced by average people, who are people not being used by bankers, billionaires, and international corporate organized crime. 
Are we going to do the less than 1/10 of 1% bidding by doing in each other?
Why don't we identify those who want to kill all of us, sterilize all of us average people, rob us all, and go medieval on them, before they go medieval on us?
We have got the numbers.We just need to get along better.
The land, resources, and energy is ours, not theirs. We do not need them. They need us ... Before they get their robots online, let's have our own bread and circus, except it will be the elite who are literally fed to the lions, okay?

The FBI uses US taxpayer dollars to cause racial division. Have you heard of Hal Turner, the White Supremest, racist, New York City/New Jersey area radio host paid US taxpayer dollars to cause racial hatred, division, and violence between people who live next to each other and would normally just get along, go to work, raise families, and go about life? [Hal Turner Diaries]

Things didn't work out so well for Hal. He pissed off the Jewish Mafia in the State of Connecticut. It includes the Black Robe Mafia (Judges) and the Lawyer run legislature in that state.

WTTC means: "Welcome to the Club"

Chicago Gang and Urban Slang terms [found here].

International Bankers, Billionaires, and Corporate Organized Crime believe We the People are that Stupid. Are we? [Billionaire Bastard Playing Cards Stark Raving Viking blog post]

stevengerickson at yahoo dot com

[my video and favorites]

http://starkravingviking.blogspot.com/2014/10/open-letter-to-ct-atty-gen-george-jepsen.html



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